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Brief History. For centuries, this ancient country stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences. In 19th and 20th centuries, China experienced civil unrest, major famines, military defeats and foreign occupation. After World War II, Mao Zedong, a communtist leader, established a dictatorship that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, his successor Deng Xiaoping gradually introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized economic decision making, and output quadrupled by 2000. Political controls remain tight even while economic controls continue to be relaxed.

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Country Information

Local name: Zhongguo

Capital: Beijing

Population: 1,313,973,713

Government: Communist state

Currency: yuan (CNY)

Land size: 9,596,960 sq km

Topography: mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east

Typical foods: rice, Chinese noodles, baozi, mantou, Chinese mitten crab

Major exports: machinery and equipment, plastics, optical and medical equipment, iron and steel
Information on the People

Official language: Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect)

Other languages spoken: Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)

Religions: Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%, Muslim 1%-2%

Literacy rate: 90.9%

Male/Female Ratio: 1.06 male(s) to every 1 female

Life expectancy: 72.58 years

Ethnic groups: Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Internet users: 111 million

Famous people: Lao Tzu, Mao Zedong

  

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