India Flag

Brief History. The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, goes back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded about 1500 B.C.; Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in 12th were followed by European traders beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism under Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru led to independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan.

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Country Information

Local name: India

Capital: New Delhi

Population: 1,095,351,995

Government: federal republic

Currency: Indian rupee (INR)

Land size: 3,287,590 sq km

Topography: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north

Typical foods: tandoori chicken

Major exports: textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures

Information on the People

Official language: English, Hindu

Other languages spoken: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit

Religions: Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1%

Literacy rate: 59.5%

Male/Female Ratio: 1.06 male(s) to every 1 female

Life expectancy: 64.71 years

Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%

Internet users: 50.6 million

Famous people: George Orwell, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

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