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Brief History. This remote former republic of the now-vanished Soviet Union declared its independence in 1991. Its people are descendants of Mongol tribes, Turkic peoples, Persians, and Uzbeks. Because of its natural resources of oil and gas, the country is expected to make significant economic progress in the years to come. Under the Soviet Union, relatively little industrialization had been pursued and most of the population remains involved in agriculture.

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Country Information

Local name: Turkmenistan

Capital: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)

Population: 5,042,920

Government: republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch

Currency: Turkmen manat (TMM)

Land size: 488,100 sq km

Topography: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west

Typical foods:

Major exports: gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, cotton fiber, textiles

Information on the People

Official language: Turkmen 72%

Other languages spoken: Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%

Religions: Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%

Literacy rate: 98.8%

Male/Female Ratio: 0.98 male(s) to every 1 female

Life expectancy: 61.83 years

Ethnic groups: Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6%

Internet users: 36,000

Famous people:

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